Bengal Provincial Krishak Sabha (BPKS) was established in 1936 by left Congress activists to organise the peasantry through rural reconstruction programmes and to stage an agrarian revolution. Evidently, the Bengal Provincial Krishak Sabha (peasants association) was set up to counter activities of the krishak praja party of ak fazlul huq. From the beginning of the electoral politics carried on under the constitution of 1919, the political leadership began to concentrate on rural support. With that end in view, krishak samitis (peasant committees) were set up locally by leading political parties and communities. Peasant samitis were set up throughout Bengal to affiliate the local samitis and bring them under a central political command. BPKS is one such central organisation, the other most important central one being the nikhil banga praja samiti. The first Bengal Provincial Krishak Conference of BPKS was held on 16-17 August 1936.

The Bengal Provincial Krishak Sabha conceived of the peasant struggle in the context of the nationalist movement. There were two groups to lead the BPKS: the Communist Party and the Congress Socialist Party. As the Communist Party of India was banned then, its members operated under the banner of the Congress Socialist Party, the radical wing of the National Congress. The main activists of the BPKS were ex-convicts and detainees previously arrested for activities during the Civil Disobedience agitation and terrorist activities. BPKS was largely successful in arousing consciousness among the poor peasantry about their rights in land. Local movements such as the nankar, tonk, and tebhaga, which stirred Bengal in the 1940s, were mainly initiated and led by BPKS activists. [Sirajul Islam]